US Midterm Elections Shift Power in Washington Ahead of Trump's Final Two Years

Democrats have secured control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate in the US midterm elections, altering the balance of power in Washington for the final two years of President Donald Trump's term. The midterms, held every two years, see all 435 House seats and roughly one-third of the 100 Senate seats up for election, alongside gubernatorial and other state-level races. In 2026, elections for governors were held in 39 states and territories.

A majority in the House of Representatives grants significant power over the legislative agenda, committee leadership, and oversight of the executive branch, but it requires Senate approval and the President's signature to pass a bill. The Senate, however, holds unique powers, including the approval of federal judges, Supreme Court justices, ambassadors, and many senior government officials. When the President's party does not control the Senate, their ability to advance appointments can be significantly curtailed.

With Democrats controlling both chambers and Trump being a Republican, the situation creates a divided government, increasing the likelihood of political gridlock and the need for compromise. While Trump can veto legislation passed by Congress, a two-thirds majority in both houses can override such a veto. However, Trump retains broad executive powers, including the use of executive orders and actions in areas where existing law grants authority to the executive branch, and can make limited temporary appointments.

The Senate's role in confirming judicial nominees is particularly crucial. If a Supreme Court vacancy arises in the next two years, Trump can nominate a candidate, but it requires Democratic Senate approval. Congress also possesses oversight and investigative powers, with committees able to hold hearings, demand documents, and summon witnesses. This increased scrutiny of the Trump administration is expected to be a focal point of conflict.

The new Congress will be sworn in on January 3, 2027, but the outgoing Congress retains all its powers until then. The midterm results also serve as a platform for potential future presidential candidates, with Democratic Senator John Ossoff of Georgia and Pennsylvania Governor Josh Shapiro mentioned as possibilities for 2028. The term "lame duck" describes a president in the final part of their term unable to run again; losing congressional control makes it harder for Trump to advance his domestic agenda, though foreign policy and security powers remain broader.

While the President has considerable latitude in foreign policy, Congress influences it through budgets, funding allocations, foreign aid, and approval of ambassadors and senior foreign policy officials. For Israel, the new Congress may include more Democrats with critical or anti-Israel stances, but also moderate Democrats who could become crucial "swing votes." Israel will need to increase its engagement with these members to explain its positions, maintain support for security assistance, and prevent a shift towards more critical views. Congress can also impact Israel through aid levels, budgeting, and approval of arms deals.